LESSON 35: Amines and Amides
Amines
· Amines are function groups that contains a Nitrogen compound bonded to either Hydrogens or Carbons
Amides
· Amides are functional groups with CONH3
· Name the alkyl (carbon) chain and add –amide ending
· The simplest amide is methanamide
-K. Bui
LESSON 34 (More Functional Groups) Carboxylic Acids, Ethers
Carboxylic Acid
- are formed by the function group
- use standard rules but change the parent chain ending
~ Methanoic Acid (Formic Acid)
 |
| Simplest Carboxylic acid | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
|
|
|
examples
<---- Benzoic Acid
Ethers
- contain an group connected to 2 alkyl(carbon) chains
- name the smaller alkyl group first then the second alkyl group followed by an ether
<---- Methyl Ethyl Ether
examples
<---- Ethyl Phenyl Ether
 |
| Chemical Formula |
 |
| Line Diagram |
<---Methyl Butyl Ether --->
-ST
Lesson 33: FUNCTIONAL GROUPS (Alcohols, Halides, Aldehydes, Ketones)
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
- Organic compounds can contain elements rather than C and H
- known as Functional Groups
- carbon chains without functional groups are written as R-
R-OH (carbon chain attached to OH)
- 9 different functional groups:
-Alcohols -Ketones -Amines
-Halides -Carboxylic Acids -Amides
-Aldehydes -Esthers -Esters
ALCOHOLS
- An alcohol is a hydrocarbon with a -OH bonded to it
- Same naming rules apply but the parent chain ending is -ol
Multiple -OH
- If a compound has more than one -OH group number both and add -diol, triol, etc. ending
HALIDES
- Group 1 elements (F, Cl, Br, I) can bond to a hydrocarbon chain
- Naming follows standard rules with halides using floro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-
* OH has to have lowest parent chain #
* prefix doesn't count for alphabetical order
KETONES
- A ketone is a hydrocarbon chain with a double bonded Oxygen that is NOT on either end
- Follow standard rules and add -one to the parent chain
ALDEHYDES
- An aldehyde is a compound that has a double bonded oxygen at the end of the chain
- The simplest aldehyde = methanal (aka formaldehyde)
- Follow standard rules and parent chain ending to -al
* Be careful when naming aldehydes & alcohols
Lesson 32: Alicylics & Aromatics
ACYLICS:
- Carbon chains can form two types of "closed" loops
- Alicylic loops usually made with single bonds
- If the parent chain is a loop standard naming rules apply with one addition: "cylo" is added in front of the parent chain.
- 3 different ways to draw organic compounds:
1) Complete structural diagram
2) Condensed structural diagram
3) Line diagram
- Numbering can start anywhere and go c.w. or c.c.w. on the loop but side chains numbers must be the lowest possible
- Loops can also be a side chain
- Same rules apply but the side chain is given a cyclo -prefix
AROMATICS:
- Benzene (C6H6) is a cylic hydrocarbon with unique bonds between the carbon atoms
- Structurally it can be drawn with alternating double bonds
AROMATIC NOMENCLATURE:
- A Benzene molecule is given a special diagram to show its unique bond structure
- Benzene can be a parent chain or a side chain
- As a side chain is given the name phenyl
Lesson 31: Alekenes & Alkynes (Double & Triple Bonds)
- Carbon can form double & triple bonds with carbon atoms
- When multiple bonds form fewer hydrogens are attached to the carbon atom
- Naming rules are almost the same as with Alkanes
- The position of the double/triple bonds always has
the lowest number and is put in front of the parent chain
- Double bonds (Alkenes) end in -ene
- Triple bonds (Alkynes) end in -yne
TRANS & CIS BUTENE
- If two adjacent carbons are bonded by a double bond AND have side chains on them two possible compounds are possible
MULTIPLE DOUBLE BONDS
- More than one double bond can exist in a molecule
- Use the same multipliers inside the parent chain
Lesson 30: Organic Chemistry
- Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
- carbons form multiple covalent bonds
- Carbon compounds can form chains, rings or branches
- less than 100 000 non-organic compounds
- organic compounds numbers more than 17, 000, 000
- The simplest organic compounds are made of carbon & hydrogen
- Saturated compounds have no double or triple bonds
- Compounds with only single bonds are called Alkanes and always end in -ane
- 3 categories of Organic compounds
1) Straight chains
2) Cylic chains
3) Aromatics
STRAIGHT CHAINS (rules for naming):
1. Circle the longest continuous chain and name this as the
base chain
- meth, eth, prop...
2. Number the base chain so side chains have the lowest possible numbers
3. Name each side chain using the -yl ending
4. Give each side chain the appropriate number
- if there is more than one side chain, numbers / labels
are slightly different
5. List side chains alphabetically.
