Thursday, May 5, 2011

Lesson 33: FUNCTIONAL GROUPS (Alcohols, Halides, Aldehydes, Ketones)

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
  • Organic compounds can contain elements rather than C and H
                    - known as Functional Groups
  • carbon chains without functional groups are written as R- 
                   R-OH (carbon chain attached to OH)
  • 9 different functional groups: 
               -Alcohols         -Ketones                       -Amines
               -Halides           -Carboxylic Acids         -Amides
               -Aldehydes      -Esthers                         -Esters

ALCOHOLS
  • An alcohol is a hydrocarbon with a -OH bonded to it
  • Same naming rules apply but the parent chain ending is -ol 
Multiple -OH
  •  If a compound has more than one -OH group number both and add -diol, triol, etc. ending
HALIDES
  • Group 1 elements (F, Cl, Br, I) can bond to a hydrocarbon chain 
  • Naming follows standard rules with halides using floro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodo- 
                * OH has to have lowest parent chain #
                * prefix doesn't count for alphabetical order

KETONES 
  • A ketone is a hydrocarbon chain with a double bonded Oxygen that is NOT on either end
  • Follow standard rules and add -one to the parent chain
ALDEHYDES
  • An aldehyde is a compound that has a double bonded oxygen at the end of the chain
  • The simplest aldehyde = methanal (aka formaldehyde) 
  • Follow standard rules and parent chain ending to -al 
                 * Be careful when naming aldehydes & alcohols

posted by chemistry11 @ 10:00 PM

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