Tuesday, May 24, 2011

LESSON 35: Amines and Amides

Amines
      ·         Amines are function groups that contains a Nitrogen compound bonded to either Hydrogens or Carbons

Amides
·         Amides are functional groups with CONH3
·         Name the alkyl (carbon) chain and add –amide ending

·         The simplest amide is methanamide

-K. Bui

Saturday, May 21, 2011

LESSON 34 (More Functional Groups) Carboxylic Acids, Ethers

Carboxylic Acid                            
 

  • are formed by the function group
  • use standard rules but change the parent chain ending



~ Methanoic Acid (Formic Acid)


Simplest Carboxylic acid











examples














<---- Benzoic Acid







Ethers
  • contain an group connected to 2 alkyl(carbon) chains





  • name the smaller alkyl group first then the second alkyl group followed by an ether
   <---- Methyl Ethyl Ether



examples


<---- Ethyl Phenyl Ether



    
Chemical Formula
Line Diagram
  <---Methyl Butyl Ether --->






-ST

Thursday, May 5, 2011

Lesson 33: FUNCTIONAL GROUPS (Alcohols, Halides, Aldehydes, Ketones)

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
  • Organic compounds can contain elements rather than C and H
                    - known as Functional Groups
  • carbon chains without functional groups are written as R- 
                   R-OH (carbon chain attached to OH)
  • 9 different functional groups: 
               -Alcohols         -Ketones                       -Amines
               -Halides           -Carboxylic Acids         -Amides
               -Aldehydes      -Esthers                         -Esters

ALCOHOLS
  • An alcohol is a hydrocarbon with a -OH bonded to it
  • Same naming rules apply but the parent chain ending is -ol 
Multiple -OH
  •  If a compound has more than one -OH group number both and add -diol, triol, etc. ending
HALIDES
  • Group 1 elements (F, Cl, Br, I) can bond to a hydrocarbon chain 
  • Naming follows standard rules with halides using floro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodo- 
                * OH has to have lowest parent chain #
                * prefix doesn't count for alphabetical order

KETONES 
  • A ketone is a hydrocarbon chain with a double bonded Oxygen that is NOT on either end
  • Follow standard rules and add -one to the parent chain
ALDEHYDES
  • An aldehyde is a compound that has a double bonded oxygen at the end of the chain
  • The simplest aldehyde = methanal (aka formaldehyde) 
  • Follow standard rules and parent chain ending to -al 
                 * Be careful when naming aldehydes & alcohols

Lesson 32: Alicylics & Aromatics

ACYLICS:

  • Carbon chains can form two types of "closed" loops
  • Alicylic loops usually made with single bonds
  • If the parent chain is a loop standard naming rules apply with one addition: "cylo" is added in front of the parent chain. 
  • 3 different ways to draw organic compounds: 
                1) Complete structural diagram
                2) Condensed structural diagram 
                3) Line diagram
  • Numbering can start anywhere and go c.w. or c.c.w. on the loop but side chains numbers must be the lowest possible 
  • Loops can also be a side chain
  • Same rules apply but the side chain is given a cyclo -prefix
AROMATICS:
  • Benzene (C6H6) is a cylic hydrocarbon with unique bonds between the carbon atoms
  • Structurally it can be drawn with alternating double bonds 
AROMATIC NOMENCLATURE:
  • A Benzene molecule is given a special diagram to show its unique bond structure
  • Benzene can be a parent chain or a side chain
  • As a side chain is given the name phenyl 

Lesson 31: Alekenes & Alkynes (Double & Triple Bonds)

  • Carbon can form double & triple bonds with carbon atoms
  • When multiple bonds form fewer hydrogens are attached to the carbon atom
  • Naming rules are almost the same as with Alkanes 
                - The position of the double/triple bonds always has
                  the lowest number and is put in front of the parent chain

  • Double bonds (Alkenes) end in -ene
  • Triple bonds (Alkynes) end in -yne 
TRANS & CIS BUTENE
  • If two adjacent carbons are bonded by a double bond AND have side chains on them two possible compounds are possible
MULTIPLE DOUBLE BONDS
  • More than one double bond can exist in a molecule
  • Use the same multipliers inside the parent chain 

Lesson 30: Organic Chemistry

  • Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
                  - carbons form multiple covalent bonds

  • Carbon compounds can form chains, rings or branches
                 - less than 100 000 non-organic compounds
                 - organic compounds numbers more than 17, 000, 000

  • The simplest organic compounds are made of carbon & hydrogen 
  • Saturated compounds have no double or triple bonds 
  • Compounds with only single bonds are called Alkanes and always end in -ane 
  • 3 categories of Organic compounds 
                 1) Straight chains
                 2) Cylic chains
                 3) Aromatics

STRAIGHT CHAINS (rules for naming):
1. Circle the longest continuous chain and name this as the base chain
            - meth, eth, prop...
2. Number the base chain so side chains have the lowest possible numbers
3. Name each side chain using the -yl ending
4. Give each side chain the appropriate number
          - if there is more than one side chain, numbers / labels
            are slightly different
5. List side chains alphabetically.